Q1. What were the features of the lives of the Bedouins in the early seventh century?
Answer. The Bedouins were Arab tribes . The main features of their lives are as follows: • Their social organization was based on independent tribes. • They were camel pastoralists and moved with their animals from oases to oases. • Date palm and camel milk were their main diet. • They indulged in looting , plundering and internal quarrels. • They led a nomadic life.
Q2. What is meant by the term ‘Abbasid revolution’?
Answer. The term “ Abbasid Revolution” referred to the Dawa movement. This movement was initiated by Abu Muslim from Khurasan against the Umayyad dynasty . The Abbasid revolution put an end to the Umayyad dynasty . By overthrowing Umayyadies the Abbasid dynasty came into throne in 750 CE.
Q3. Give examples of the cosmopolitan character of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks.
Answer. Examples of cosmopolitan characters of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks: (i) The vast Arab empire was inhabited by the people of multi cultural identities ,e.g.- the Muslims, the Christians and the Jews. (ii) In Turkish empire, the Egyptian , Iranian, Syrian , Sudanian, cultural developed simultaneously. (iii) The Iranian empire witnessed for the development of Muslims and Asian cultural.
Q4. What were the effects of the Crusades on Europe and Asia?
Answer. (i) The crusades left a deep impact on the aspects of Christian-Muslim relations. (ii) Influence of crusades led to declination of mercantile which paved the way for the emergence of nation states. (iii) The Muslims states adopted harsher attitude towards their Christian attitudes. (iv) The crusades left a deep impact on the aspects of Christian-Muslim relations. (v) The Muslim writers named their invasion (invasion of Christian) as Frankish invasion who quickly established their influences over these regions. (vi) In the first crusade, soldiers from France and Italy captured Antioch in Syria and also claimed Jerusalem. Their victory marked by slaughter of Muslims and Jews.
Q5. How were Islamic architectural forms different from those of the Roman Empire?
Answer. Roman Empire Architectural Forms: The Romans emperors were great builders . solidity and magnificence of conception are two important features of their architecture e.g- city of Rome. (i)They introduced two architecture features, the arch and cupolas or domes. (ii) Art of painting murals was highly developed so much so that some of their murals practically covered the whole wall. (iii) Their buildings were multistoried with one row of arches standing over another, examples- Pompeys Theatre. (iv) Inventors of concrete and could firmly cement, bricks and stones together ,examples- pantheon. 2.Islamic Architectural Forms: (i) The Islamic art right forms Spain to central Asia showed some basic architectural features horseshoe arches, bulbous domes ,small minarets, twisted columns and open courtyard. (ii ) Religious buildings – mosques, shrines and tomb were the greatest architectural symbols of this world. (iii) Another features was decorative forms of writing e.g.- calligraphy and arabesque i.e geometric and vegetal designs, to decorate architecture, and manuscripts. (iv) The places were modeled on romans and sasanian architectural features e.g.-palace at Baghdad. They were richly decorated with sculptures, mosaics and paintings.
Q6. Describe a journey from Samarqand to Damascus, referring to the cities on the route.
Answer. The journey from Samarkand to Damuscus starts off through the Silk Route. As the name suggests, the route was a major route for trade in silk. On the journey, we come across many cities that were important trade centres. Some prominent ones are Bukhara, Merv, Herāt and Nishapur. Bukhara is the city that has long been a centre of trade, scholarship, culture and religion. It became the intellectual centre of the Islamic world during the golden age of the Samanids. From the 6th century BCE, Bukhara has been one of the main centres of world civilisations. The architecture of Bukhara is something to marvel at. It includes Poi- Kalan complex, Kalyan or Kalon Minor (Great Minaret). The Kalyan minaret, the Tower of Death, from where criminals were executed by being thrown off the top, is another example. Merv, formerly Achaemenid Satrapy of Margiana and later Alexandria and Antiochia in Margiana, was a major oasis city in Central Asia. It is claimed that Merv was briefly the largest city in the world in the 12th century. The oasis of Merv is situated on the Murghab River that ows from Afghanistan. Merv is advantageously situated in the inland delta of the Murghab River. This gives Merv two distinct advantages. It provided an easy southeast–northwest route from the Afghan highlands towards the lowlands of Karakum, the Amu Darya valley and Khwarezm. It also serves as a natural stopping point for the routes from northwest Iran towards Transoxiana–the Silk Road. This place was an important stop on the Silk Road during the time of the Han dynasty. Merchants traded fresh horses or camels and it was a very important oasis city. Herat, the third largest city of Afghanistan, is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. Situated in a fertile area, Herāt was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Mosallah Complex. Herāt, which was known as the Pearl of Khorasan during the Middle Ages, was one of the important cities of Khorasan. It lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia. Strategic importance of the roads from Herat to Iran, Turkmenistan and other parts of Afghanistan earns it the name ‘the gateway to iran’.
Nishapur or Nishabur is a city in the Razavi Khorasan Province. The name comes from New Shabuhr, which means ‘New City of Shapur’, ‘Fair Shapur’ or ‘Perfect built of Shapur’. It is situated in a fertile plain at the foot of Mount Binalud. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia. Nishapur, along with Merv, Herāt and Balkh, was one of the four great cities of Greater Khorasan and one of the greatest cities in the Middle Ages. It was a dwelling place for diverse ethnic and religious groups and a trading stop on commercial routes from Transoxiana, China, Iraq and Egypt. Nishapur is known for its pottery (painted under a transparent glaze), carpet-weaving industry and turquoise masonry.
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